Atomic force microscopy study of diatoms

Diatoms are microscopic photosynthetic algae with siliceous frustule usually bound to aquatic environments. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely applied to study and comprehend the morphology, topography, and structure of diatoms. The most common application of AFM is to study the biomineral formation in diatoms. Further, AFM is very useful in visualise the nanopatterns on the silica exoskeletons which contributes extensively to biomimetic investigations. In addition, characteristics and function of mucilage layer, micromechanical properties of the diatom frustule, and taxonomical classifications can be attained using AFM. This review presents detailed study of diatoms using AFM, including sample preparation, different modes of AFM, and various applications in AFM in diatom characterisation. AFM study of diatoms can inspire designs and manufacturing of nanostructured materials of significant applications.