Nanoarchitectronics: A versatile tool for deciphering nanoparticle interaction with cellular proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids at biological interfaces

Nano-Bio interface involves the dynamic interactions of nanomaterial and a living system. Association of nanotechnology and biology has been a valuable tool in improving the potentials of biomedical research. Exquisite structures of nanoparticles comparable in size with biomolecules and the unique possibility of tuning their chemical and physical functionality at small length scales make them more attractive for biological research. In this review, we comprehend Nano-Bio interactions at cellular levels and discuss parameters involved in determining nano-bio interactions. Techniques used for the characterization of nano-bio interactions have also been discussed. Applications of nanotechnology as a tool for manipulating cellular behaviors, studying important biological processes such as adhesion, morphology, and proliferation, and nanoparticles as nanoprobes and nanosensors have been discussed here. Knowledge of these interactions and processes at a cellular level will be useful for understanding the bioenergetics of subcellular organelle and might provide innovative ideas for designing new tools to enhance the understanding of cellular functions. Further, detailed information about the cellular and subcellular processes will be rather helpful in designing new nanocarriers and drug discovery.